东西问丨短评：为何说人权思想在中国源远流长？******
中新社北京1月2日电 题：为何说人权思想在中国源远流长？
中新社记者 安英昭
19世纪，经历过纷飞战火的列夫·托尔斯泰写下名言，“幸福的家庭都是相似的，不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。”时移世易，人类对于幸福的向往仍是相似的，各国通向幸福的道路却各具特色。
作为14亿人口的泱泱大国，中国何以在短短几十年间摆脱绝对贫困，实现人权事业不断进步？五集大型电视政论片《新时代中国人权》向世界展示了中国人的“幸福密码”。
通过保障所有人的人权，保障各民族的平等权利，优先保障生存权、发展权等，中国走出了一条顺应时代潮流、适合本国国情的人权发展道路。在当代中国人权保障不断进步的背后，积淀着中华文明深处对人的关怀，回望5000多年文明史可知，人权思想在中国源远流长。
2006年，首届“中国人权展”在北京举办。中新社记者 廖攀 摄先秦时期，道家讲“圣人无常心，以百姓心为心”，儒家言“古之为政，爱人为大”，墨家倡“视人之国若视其国，视人之家若视其家”。东汉佛教传入，逐渐演化出“无缘大慈、同体大悲”思想。及至唐宋，朱熹进一步提出“国以民为本，社稷亦为民而立”，张载名言“为天地立心，为生民立命”更成为千年来中国无数有识之士的毕生追求。明末清初，黄宗羲在《明夷待访录》中发出“天下为主君为客”的呼吁，这一堪称中国版“人权宣言”的文献，较卢梭《民约论》更早百年；1948年，在中国代表张彭春的建议下，《世界人权宣言》融入良心、仁爱、忠恕、包容等中华传统思想，这部人类历史上第一部国际性权利法案由此成为凝结东西方文明智慧的经典。
近一百年前，胡适在《我们走那条路？》中提出，中国“要铲除打倒的是贫穷、疾病、愚昧、贪污、扰乱五大仇敌”。此后，如何战胜这“五大仇敌”成为贯穿中国走向现代化的一道难题，同时也是检验中国人权发展的参考系。
如《新时代中国人权》片中所述，中国共产党自成立之日起就高举起“争民主、争人权”的旗帜，鲜明宣示了救国救民、争取人权的主张。在新民主主义革命时期、社会主义革命和建设时期、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，中共牢牢把握为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的初心使命，促使中国人民的生存权、发展权和其他各项基本权利保障不断向前推进。在此过程中，中共把马克思主义人权观同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，在总结中国人民尊重和保障人权的成功经验的同时，借鉴人类优秀文明成果，形成了尊重人权、保障人权、发展人权的中国特色，丰富了人类人权文明新形态。
资料图：广西少数民族联欢。俞靖 摄据联合国开发计划署(UNDP)统计数据显示，中国人类发展指数(HDI)从1990年的0.501跃升至2018年的0.758，增长逾50%，标志着中国成为自1990年UNDP在全球首次测算HDI以来，唯一从“低人类发展水平”跃升到“高人类发展水平”的国家。
另一个生动案例是，新中国成立前，生活在云南深山的独龙族还过着结绳记事、刀耕火种的原始社会生活，每逢大雪封山便成为与世隔绝的孤岛。随着脱贫攻坚力度不断加大，6.68公里的特长隧道穿越高黎贡山，使天堑变通途，独龙族宣告整族脱贫。在中国人权事业的不断发展中，“一跃千年”的奇迹已从想象照进现实。
回看胡适当年的困惑，不难发现，今日之中国已找到那条正确的路。“人权保障没有最好，只有更好”，沿着这条道路前进，中国的人权事业将继续发展，也将为丰富人类文明多样性、推进世界人权事业发展作出新贡献。(完)
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾****** 中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄 由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。 麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。 一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。 此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。 作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。 美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。 这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。 从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。 两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy". The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader. Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party. On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration. On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses. Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees. As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives. But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker. CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful. This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally. Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits. From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public. Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world. The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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